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于汶教授:高血压患者的诊疗管理

来源:    时间:2023年12月08日    点击数:    5星

高血压是“三高”之一,严重影响人们的健康和生活质量,一旦患上需要长期对其进行管理控制。本文简述高血压患者的诊疗管理。

一、高血压的定义及分类

在未使用降压药物的情况下,非同日3次测量诊室血压,SBP≥140mmHg和/或DBP≥90mmHg可诊断为高血压。SBP≥140mmHg且DBP<90mmHg为单纯收缩期高血压。患者既往有高血压史,目前正在使用降压药物,血压虽然低于140/90mmHg,仍应诊断为高血压。

目前我国采用正常血压(SBP<120mmHg和DBP<80mmHg)、正常高值(SBP 120~139mmHg和/或DBP 80~89mmHg)和高血压(SBP≥140mmHg和/或DBP≥90mmHg)进行血压水平分类,根据血压升高水平,又进一步将高血压分为1级、2级和3级。动态血压监测(ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM)的高血压诊断标准为:24h平均SBP/DBP≥130/80mmHg;白天≥135/85mmHg;夜间≥120/70mmHg。家庭自测血压(home blood pressure measurement,HBPM)的高血压诊断标准为≥135/85mmHg,与诊室血压的140/90mmHg相对应。以上分类适用于18岁以上任何年龄的成年人。具体分类详见表1。

表1 血压水平分类和定义


注:当SBP和DBP分属于不同级别时,以较高的分级为准。

二、高血压的管理目标

(一)血压控制目标

血压控制目标见表2。

表2 血压控制目标

(二)降压达标的方式

除高血压急症和亚急症外,大多数高血压患者应根据病情,在4周内或12周内将血压逐渐降至目标水平。年轻、病程较短的高血压患者,降压速度可稍快;老年人、病程较长、有合并症且耐受性差的患者,降压速度则可稍慢。

三、药物治疗

降压药物治疗的时机取决于ASCVD风险评估等级,在改善生活方式的基础上,血压仍超过140/90mmHg和/或目标水平的患者应给予药物治疗。高危和极高危的患者,应及时启动降压药物治疗;中危患者,可观察数周,改善生活方式,如血压仍不达标,则应开始药物治疗;低危患者,可观察1~3个月,改善生活方式,如血压仍不达标可开始药物治疗。血压升高患者心血管风险水平分层见表3。影响高血压患者心血管预后的重要因素图1。

表3 血压升高患者心血管风险水平分层

 

图1 影响高血压患者心血管预后的重要因素

常用降压药物包括钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、利尿剂和β受体阻滞剂五类,以及由上述药物组成的固定配比复方制剂。一般患者采用常规剂量;老年人及高龄老年人初始治疗时通常应采用较小的有效治疗剂量,逐渐增加至足量;优先使用长效降压药物。联合治疗:血压≥160/100mmHg、高于目标血压20/10mmHg的高危患者,或单药治疗未达标的高血压患者应进行联合降压治疗。对血压≥140/90mmHg的患者,也可起始小剂量联合治疗。用药选择见图2。

图2 选择单药或联合用药降压治疗流程图
注:A:ACEI或ARB;B:β受体阻滞剂;C:二氢吡啶类钙CCB;D:噻嗪类利尿剂;F:固定复方制剂。
*血压≥140/90mmHg的高血压患者,也可起始小剂量联合治疗;**包括剂量递增到足量。

四、初诊高血压患者的评估及检测程序

初诊高血压患者的评估及检测程序见图3。

图3 初诊高血压患者的评估及监测程序
注:*中危且血压≥160/100mmHg应立即启动药物治疗。

五、高血压患者的管理和随访内容

高血压患者的管理和随访内容见表4。

表4 高血压患者的管理和随访

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来源:《代谢相关脂肪性肝病临床诊疗手册》

专家简介:于汶,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院,体检科,副主任医师。临床擅长冠心病、高血压、心律失常等的体检指导。

来源:人民卫生出版社《临床知识》约稿
作者:于汶教授,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院体检科
编辑:环球医学资讯常路

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